Home Front

Women in the war

< style="margin-top: -30px;">During the First World War with millions of men away from home, women filled manufacturing and agricultural positions on the home front. Others provided support on the front lines as nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers, translators and, in rare cases, on the battlefield. During World War 2 the role of women expanded to include a broader range of military service as well.

Military services

Brightly coloured recruitment posters encouraged young women to join up and more than 66,000 of them enlisted in the three services – Army, Navy and Air Force. They made up just under 7% of the nearly 1 million Australians who served.

Thousands of young Australian women left home to join the new women’s auxiliary services, the:

• Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service (RANNS)
• Australian Women’s Army Service (AWAS)
• Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS)
• Women’s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF)
• Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS)
• Australian Army Medical Women’s Service (AAMWS) (established December 1942 to provide nursing aides)

Naval service

The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) was formed in April 1941 and by the end of the war more than 3000 women had served with the WRANS. Approximately 60 women joined the Royal Australian Navy Nursing Service (RANNS).

WRANS were employed as telegraphists, signallers, coders, wireless transmitter operators, cipher clerks, telephonists, couriers, cooks, stewardesses and drivers. WRANS were not allowed to work either outside Australia or on ships at sea and their pay rates fluctuated during the war. They normally received about two thirds of the amount paid to other RAN personnel.

The service was disbanded at the end of World War II and it was not until 1983 that women were permitted to serve in ships.

Army service

The Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) was formed on 13 August 1941 More than 24,000 eventually served in the AWAS, the only non-medical women's service to allow personnel overseas during the war.

Initially the women performed essentially domestic or non-specialist tasks but they soon spread into other areas and served in signals and ordnance work. Almost 3600 AWAS members served with Royal Australian Artillery formations on searchlight, coastal defence and anti-aircraft batteries and they often worked in very isolated areas. Having a wide range of jobs, more than any other women’s services, the Australian Government finally agreed to send about 500 AWAS personnel overseas to serve in New Guinea in 1944.

Nearly 3500 Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) sisters worked in Australian General Hospitals and Casualty Clearing Stations in every Australian theatre of war, suffering the highest casualty rate of any of the women’s services. Seventy-two nursing sisters died when their ships were torpedoed by the Japanese or later on, as prisoners of war.

Approximately 8000 women served with the Australian Army Medical Women’s Service (AAMWS) which grew out of the Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment. Members served as nursing aides alongside army nurses and worked both in Australia and overseas in the Middle East, New Guinea and the islands.

The Women’s Royal Australia Army Corps WRAAC) was formed in April 1951 and disbanded in late 1984 when women were integrated into the Army.

Air Force service

The Women’s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) was the first and the largest of the three women’s services formed during War II. Between 1941 and 1946, almost 27,000 women enlisted in the Air Force as members of either the Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS) or the Women’s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). The women brought skills to the new service, although they were paid approximately two-thirds the rate of the men.

The women in the WAAAF also worked in more than 70 positions alongside airmen in Air Force hangars, stores depots, radar and signals sections, operations rooms, kitchens, messes and offices. Members were posted to bases throughout Australia but unlike their nursing colleagues in the RAAF Nursing Service, they were never permitted to serve overseas. The WAAAF was disbanded in 1947 and reconstituted as the Women’s Royal Australian Air Force (WRAAF) in 1951.

The Royal Australian Air Force Nursing Service (RAAFNS) was established in July 1940 and during World War II had a total enlistment of about 600. RAAF nurses tended the sick and wounded airmen in RAAF hospitals in Australia and a small number flew with Medical Air Evacuation Transport Units, bringing patients from the front line in Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian archipelago to hospitals at home.

The WRAAF and the RAAFNS were integrated into the RAAF in 1977.

Essential to the war effort

During the war, civilian organisations also attracted women in support. The Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment worked on hospital ships and in convalescent hospitals. Others left home and joined the Australian Women’s Land Army (AWLA), where they grew crops and reared livestock for production. A number of other women joined entertainment groups and travelled around performing for the troops both in Australia and overseas.

For many women unable to volunteer for the women’s services, the Women’s Australian National Services (WANS), the Women’s Air Training Corps (WATC), the Women’s Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC), the National Emergency Services (NES), the Red Cross and numerous other voluntary organisations, provided an outlet for their desire to do something for the war effort. Those women in ‘essential’ occupations such as munitions work were also restricted from joining.

On the Home Front

For the wives, mothers, sisters and friends who remained in Australia, the thoughts of their loved ones serving abroad often in harm’s way, filled their minds. There was the daily struggle with rationing; fear of air raids in some centres; and the feelings of dread that their men might be killed overseas or be detained and die in POW camps. However, the Second World War assisted in changing the public face and perception of women in Australian society. By the war’s end, they were seen as equally as capable in providing essential and technical services as the men, however the average wage remained far below their male colleagues.

The entry of the United States into the war brought with it new and exciting experiences for the everyday Australian woman. With the Australian Forces serving in the Middle East, the Americans offered style, glamour and excitement that the Australian troops struggled to offer. The 'Yanks' were better paid and supplied, bringing with them products that were hard to come by. Many young women fell to the charms of the US serviceman.